Questões de Concurso

    Among the press‘s roles are what are called the “three I’s” – information, interpretation, and interest. Roger Hilsman, a political scientist and State Department official in the John F. Kennedy administration, identified “the gathering and dissemination of information” as a major function of the press. The flow of information through the press [...] is the lifeblood of America’s democratic system.

    Information in press coverage of foreign affairs is almost always accompanied by interpretation. Journalists provide contexts (often called “frames”) in which information is conveyed. “By suggesting the cause and relationships of various events,” the political scientist Doris A. Graber observes, “the media may shape opinions even without telling their audiences what to believe or think. For example, linking civil strife in El Salvador [in the 1980s] to the activities of Soviet and Cuban agents ensured that the American public would view the situation with considerable alarm.” Among policymakers in Washington, Hilsman notes, “the press is not the sole source of interpretation. The president, the secretary of state, the assistant secretaries, American ambassadors, senators, congressmen, academic experts – all are sources of interpretation. But the fact that the press is there every day, day after day, with its interpretations makes it the principal competitor of all the others in interpreting events”.

    The press also can play an important role in stirring interest in an issue both in Washington and among the public. During the Ronald Reagan years media reporting awakened public interest on starvation in Ethiopia, a topic that Americans had shown little interest in prior to the appearance of illustrated stories about dying children in the press and on television. An example from the James Earl Carter years was the debate over whether to deploy enhanced radiation nuclear bombs (also called neutron bombs) in western Europe. The debate began with a story by Walter Pincus in the Washington Post on 6 June 1977. A quotation in the story noted that the bombs would „kill people“ while „leaving buildings and tanks standing.“ Once the story was framed in this negative way – on television and radio as well as in newspapers and magazines – the administration was not able to gain public and congressional support for deploying the new weapon. The unfolding of this story illustrates a frequent pattern in foreign policy: print journalists often bring stories to public attention, after which they are covered by other print and electronic reporters.

(https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/ The-Press-The-press-s-many-roles.html. Acesso em 22.02.2020)

    Among the press‘s roles are what are called the “three I’s” – information, interpretation, and interest. Roger Hilsman, a political scientist and State Department official in the John F. Kennedy administration, identified “the gathering and dissemination of information” as a major function of the press. The flow of information through the press [...] is the lifeblood of America’s democratic system.

    Information in press coverage of foreign affairs is almost always accompanied by interpretation. Journalists provide contexts (often called “frames”) in which information is conveyed. “By suggesting the cause and relationships of various events,” the political scientist Doris A. Graber observes, “the media may shape opinions even without telling their audiences what to believe or think. For example, linking civil strife in El Salvador [in the 1980s] to the activities of Soviet and Cuban agents ensured that the American public would view the situation with considerable alarm.” Among policymakers in Washington, Hilsman notes, “the press is not the sole source of interpretation. The president, the secretary of state, the assistant secretaries, American ambassadors, senators, congressmen, academic experts – all are sources of interpretation. But the fact that the press is there every day, day after day, with its interpretations makes it the principal competitor of all the others in interpreting events”.

    The press also can play an important role in stirring interest in an issue both in Washington and among the public. During the Ronald Reagan years media reporting awakened public interest on starvation in Ethiopia, a topic that Americans had shown little interest in prior to the appearance of illustrated stories about dying children in the press and on television. An example from the James Earl Carter years was the debate over whether to deploy enhanced radiation nuclear bombs (also called neutron bombs) in western Europe. The debate began with a story by Walter Pincus in the Washington Post on 6 June 1977. A quotation in the story noted that the bombs would „kill people“ while „leaving buildings and tanks standing.“ Once the story was framed in this negative way – on television and radio as well as in newspapers and magazines – the administration was not able to gain public and congressional support for deploying the new weapon. The unfolding of this story illustrates a frequent pattern in foreign policy: print journalists often bring stories to public attention, after which they are covered by other print and electronic reporters.

(https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/ The-Press-The-press-s-many-roles.html. Acesso em 22.02.2020)

                                                   Is blue growth the beginning or 

                                                        end of a healthier ocean?

Across the globe, countries are increasingly looking seaward in search of new economic opportunities, including oil, gas, and mineral extraction from the sea floor, renewable energy development, and biotechnology.

The push to expand this so-called “blue economy" comes at a time when the ecological health of the oceans is seriously degraded. Last year, the Economist's World Ocean Summit concluded with a resounding consensus that more needs to be done to protect and restore the world's seas, especially the high seas. Will blue growth help or harm efforts to achieve a healthier ocean ecosystem?

The U.N. has proposed ambitious sustainable development goals relating to ocean health. They include reducing pollution from agriculture run-off, decreasing untreated sewage and solid waste, rebuilding depleted fish stocks, and protecting and restoring natural habitats.

A healthy ocean ecosystem is a public good—both locally and globally. Mangroves, corals, and salt marshes protect  coastal towns from storms. Oceans store carbon and produce oxygen that benefits us all. And areas of high biodiversity support global fisheries and are essential for resilient and productive oceans.

These natural benefits can remain intact if nations encourage—and even require—participants in the blue economy to reinvest the economic capital created from that economy in the natural capital of marine and coastal ecosystems; namely by restoring degraded habitats, protecting healthy ones, and financing blue economy “greening" efforts.

Channeling the new wealth of a growing blue economy into projects that will build a healthier ocean will require new financial tools. For instance, a global ocean trust fund, eco taxes, or user fees could be managed at the global level (say the U.N., World Bank, or the Global Environmental Facility) or even at a regional level, perhaps through existing regional seas organisations.

But for now the blue economy needs to aim higher than merely to do no harm. Converting blue economic capital into blue natural capital can raise all boats and produce a healthier, more sustainable blue economy.